Understanding the Relationship Between Depression Symptom Severity and Health Care Costs for Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression

Frances L. Lynch, PhD, MSPH; John F. Dickerson, PhD, MS; Maureen O’Keeffe-Rosetti, MS; Wing Chow, PharmD, MPH; Jacqueline Pesa, MSEd, PhD, MPH

J Clin Psychiatry 2022;83(2):21m13976

This content is restricted to subscribers

Continue Reading...

Did you know members enjoy unlimited free PDF downloads as part of their subscription? Subscribe today for instant access to this article and our entire library in your preferred format. Alternatively, you can purchase the PDF of this article individually.

Subscribe Now

Already a member? Login

Purchase PDF for $40

Members enjoy free PDF downloads on all articles. Join today

Author Affiliations

Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon
Corresponding author: Frances L. Lynch, PhD, Center for Health Research, 3800 North Interstate, Portland, OR 97227 ([email protected]).
Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon
Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon
Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
Dr Chow’s current affiliation is Sr Director, Systems of Care, Research Collaborations, US HEOR, Novartis, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey

References (27)

Depression epidemiology. National Institute of Mental Health website. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression.shtml. February 2019. Accessed July 19, 2021.
Depression epidemiology. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 17-5044, NSDUH Series H-52). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2017. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.htm. Accessed July 19, 2021.
Fava M. Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53(8):649–659. PubMed CrossRef
Trevino K, McClintock SM, McDonald Fischer N, et al. Defining treatment-resistant depression: a comprehensive review of the literature. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2014;26(3):222–232. PubMed
Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, et al. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(2):155–162. PubMed CrossRef
Amos TB, Tandon N, Lefebvre P, et al. Direct and indirect cost burden and change of employment status in treatment-resistant depression: a matched-cohort study using a US commercial claims database. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79(2):17m11725. PubMed CrossRef
Ivanova JI, Birnbaum HG, Kidolezi Y, et al. Direct and indirect costs of employees with treatment-resistant and non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(10):2475–2484. PubMed CrossRef
Pilon D, Sheehan JJ, Szukis H, et al. Medicaid spending burden among beneficiaries with treatment-resistant depression. J Comp Eff Res. 2019;8(6):381–392. PubMed CrossRef
Sheehan JJ, Cai Q, Wu B, et al. Real-world Economic Burden Associated with Treatment-Resistant Depression. Poster presentation at: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Summer Meeting, June 4, 2018; Denver, CO.
Greenberg PE, Kessler RC, Birnbaum HG, et al. The economic burden of depression in the United States: how did it change between 1990 and 2000? J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(12):1465–1475. PubMed CrossRef
Birnbaum HG, Kessler RC, Kelley D, et al. Employer burden of mild, moderate, and severe major depressive disorder: mental health services utilization and costs, and work performance. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(1):78–89. PubMed CrossRef
Crown WH, Finkelstein S, Berndt ER, et al. The impact of treatment-resistant depression on health care utilization and costs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(11):963–971. PubMed CrossRef
Gibson TB, Jing Y, Smith Carls G, et al. Cost burden of treatment resistance in patients with depression. Am J Manag Care. 2010;16(5):370–377. PubMed
Corey-Lisle PK, Birnbaum HG, Greenberg PE, et al. Identification of a claims data “signature” and economic consequences for treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(8):717–726. PubMed CrossRef
Chow W, Doane MJ, Sheehan J, et al.Economic Burden Among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: An Analysis of Health Care Resource Use, Work Productivity, and Direct and Indirect Costs by Depression Severity. Clinical Brief. Am J Manag Care website. https://www.ajmc.com/publications/supplement/economic-burden-mdd-analysis-healthcare. February 14, 2019. Accessed July 19, 2021.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613. PubMed CrossRef
Chow W, Doane MJ, Sheehan JJ, et al. Patient-centric Outcomes Among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: Comparisons Across Depression Severity. Poster presentation at AMCP Nexus 2018: Mood Presentations. October 22–25, 2018; Orlando, FL.
Chow W, Doane MJ, Sheehan JJ, et al. Relationship Between Patient-reported Depression Severity Using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Economic Outcomes for Major Depressive Disorder. Poster presentation at AMCP Nexus 2018: Mood Presentations. October 22–25, 201; Orlando, FL.
Davis T, Liberman JN, Allen A, et al. Patient-reported Outcomes (PRO) Collected as Part of the Clinic Process: the Challenge of Administering, Scoring, and Storing PHQ Scores Beyond the Clinical Moment. Poster presented at International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Annual Meeting; May 18–22, 2019; New Orleans, LA.
Voelker J, Wang K, Tang W, et al. Association of depression symptom severity with short-term risk of an initial hospital encounter in adults with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):257. PubMed CrossRef
Singer D, Benson C, Doane MJ, et al. Healthcare Resource Utilization, Work Productivity Impairment, and Economic Burden in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression. Poster presentation at AMCP Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy Annual Meeting; April 23–26, 2018; Boston, MA.
Liberman JN, Young C, Pesa J, et al. Implications of Health Care Providers’ HEDIS-compliant Use of PHQ-9 to Monitor Depression. Poster presentation at American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) Virtual Poster Symposium; May 26–27, 2020; accessed July 20, 2021.
Amos TB, Witt EA, Alphs L, et al. The Humanistic and Economic Burden of Treatment-resistant Depression: A PHQ-9 Severity Analysis. Poster presented at Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) Annual Conference; April 6–9, 2017; San Francisco, CA.
O’Keeffe-Rosetti MC, Hornbrook MC, Fishman PA, et al. A standardized relative resource cost model for medical care: application to cancer control programs. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2013;2013(46):106–116. PubMed CrossRef
Mihaylova B, Briggs A, O’Hagan A, et al. Review of statistical methods for analysing healthcare resources and costs. Health Econ. 2011;20(8):897–916. PubMed CrossRef
Briggs A, Nixon R, Dixon S, et al. Parametric modelling of cost data: some simulation evidence. Health Econ. 2005;14(4):421–428. PubMed CrossRef
Sussman M, O’sullivan AK, Shah A, et al. Economic burden of treatment-resistant depression on the US health care system. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019;25(7):823–835. PubMed CrossRef