Underdiagnosis, Undertreatment, and Noncompliance With Treatment in People Who Died by Suicide

References (120)

1. Rao U, Weissman MM, Martin JA, et al. Childhood depression and risk of suicide: a preliminary report of a longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32(1):21–27. PubMed CrossRef
2. Milne S, Matthews K, Ashcroft GW. Suicide in Scotland 1988–1989. Psychiatric and physical morbidity according to primary care case notes. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;165(4):541–544. PubMed CrossRef
3. Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, et al. Suicide in affectively ill adolescents: a case-control study. J Affect Disord. 1994;31(3):193–202. PubMed CrossRef
4. Isacsson G, Bergman U, Rich CL. Antidepressants, depression and suicide: an analysis of the San Diego study. J Affect Disord. 1994;32(4):277–286. PubMed CrossRef
5. Duckworth G, McBride H. Suicide in old age: a tragedy of neglect. Can J Psychiatry. 1996;41(4):217–222. PubMed CrossRef
6. King EA. The Wessex Suicide Audit 1988–1993: a study of 1457 suicides with and without a recent psychiatric contact. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2001;5(2):111–118. PubMed CrossRef
7. Cattell H, Jolley DJ. One hundred cases of suicide in elderly people. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166(4):451–457. PubMed CrossRef
8. Andersen UA, Andersen M, Rosholm JU, et al. Psychopharmacological treatment and psychiatric morbidity in 390 cases of suicide with special focus on affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(6):458–465. PubMed CrossRef
9. Vento AE, Schifano F, Corkery JM, et al. Suicide verdicts as opposed to accidental deaths in substance-related fatalities (UK, 2001–2007). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(5):1279–1283. PubMed CrossRef
10. De Leo D, Draper BM, Snowdon J, et al. Suicides in older adults: a case-control psychological autopsy study in Australia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(7):980–988. PubMed
11. Pompili M, Innamorati M, Masotti V, et al. Suicide in the elderly: a psychological autopsy study in a North Italy area (1994–2004). Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(9):727–735. PubMed CrossRef
12. Turecki G, Brent DA. Suicide and suicidal behaviour. Lancet. 2016;387(10024):1227–1239. PubMed CrossRef
13. Schotte DE, Clum GA. Problem-solving skills in suicidal psychiatric patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987;55(1):49–54. PubMed CrossRef
14. O’Connor RC, Nock MK. The psychology of suicidal behaviour. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(1):73–85. PubMed
15. Mann JJ, Waternaux C, Haas GL, et al. Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(2):181–189. PubMed CrossRef
16. Mann JJ. Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(10):819–828. PubMed CrossRef
17. Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, et al. The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev. 2010;117(2):575–600. PubMed CrossRef
18. McGirr A, Paris J, Lesage A, et al. Risk factors for suicide completion in borderline personality disorder: a case-control study of cluster B comorbidity and impulsive aggression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(5):721–729. PubMed CrossRef
19. Courtet P, Giner L, Seneque M, et al. Neuroinflammation in suicide: toward a comprehensive model. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2016;17(8):564–586. PubMed CrossRef
20. Turecki G. The molecular bases of the suicidal brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(12):802–816. PubMed CrossRef
21. Ehlert U. Enduring psychobiological effects of childhood adversity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(9):1850–1857. PubMed CrossRef
22. Danese A, Moffitt TE, Pariante CM, et al. Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(4):409–415. PubMed CrossRef
23. Riera-Serra P, Navarra-Ventura G, Castro A, et al. Clinical predictors of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and suicide death in depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. Published online November 28, 2023. doi: 10.1007/s00406-023-01716-5. CrossRef
24. Isometsä E, Heikkinen M, Henriksson M, et al. Suicide in non-major depressions. J Affect Disord. 1996;36(3–4):117–127. PubMed
25. Conwell Y, Lyness JM, Duberstein P, et al. Completed suicide among older patients in primary care practices: a controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(1):23–29. PubMed CrossRef
26. Dhossche DM, Rich CL, Ghani SO, et al. Patterns of psychoactive substance detection from routine toxicology of suicides in Mobile, Alabama, between 1990 and 1998. J Affect Disord. 2001;64(2–3):167–174. PubMed CrossRef
27. Fornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A, et al. The FDA “Black Box” warning on antidepressant suicide risk in young adults: more harm than benefits? Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:294. PubMed CrossRef
28. Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal behavior in mood disorders: response to pharmacological treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(9):88. PubMed CrossRef
29. Isacsson G, Boëthius G, Bergman U. Low level of antidepressant prescription for people who later commit suicide: 15 years of experience from a population-based drug database in Sweden. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992;85(6):444–448. PubMed CrossRef
30. Ohberg A, Vuori E, Klaukka T, et al. Antidepressants and suicide mortality. J Affect Disord. 1998;50(2–3):225–233. PubMed CrossRef
31. Isacsson G, Holmgren P, Druid H, et al. Psychotropics and suicide prevention. Implications from toxicological screening of 5281 suicides in Sweden 1992–1994. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;174:259–265. PubMed CrossRef
32. Frey R, Schreinzer D, Stimpfl T, et al. Suicide by antidepressant intoxication identified at autopsy in Vienna from 1991–1997: the favourable consequences of the increasing use of SSRIs. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;10(2):133–142. PubMed CrossRef
33. Isacsson G, Holmgren P, Wasserman D, et al. Use of antidepressants among people committing suicide in Sweden. BMJ. 1994;308(6927):506–509. PubMed CrossRef
34. Ludwig J, Marcotte DE, Norberg K. Anti-depressants and suicide. J Health Econ. 2009;28(3):659–676. PubMed CrossRef
35. Lu CY, Zhang F, Lakoma MD, et al. Changes in antidepressant use by young people and suicidal behavior after FDA warnings and media coverage: quasi-experimental study. BMJ. 2014;348:g3596. PubMed CrossRef
36. Cuchara B, Diaz FJ. An 8-year retrospective study on suicides in Washington, DC. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2020;41(1):18–26. PubMed CrossRef
37. Forsman J, Taipale H, Masterman T, et al. Adherence to psychotropic medication in completed suicide in Sweden 2006–2013: a forensic-toxicological matched case-control study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;75(10):1421–1430. PubMed CrossRef
38. Isometsä ET. Psychological autopsy studies – a review. Eur Psychiatry. 2001;16(7):379–385. PubMed
39. Shields LBE, Hunsaker DM, Hunsaker JC, et al. Toxicologic findings in suicide: a 10-year retrospective review of Kentucky medical examiner cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2006;27(2):106–112. PubMed CrossRef
40. Jones AW, Holmgren A, Ahlner J. Toxicology findings in suicides: concentrations of ethanol and other drugs in femoral blood in victims of hanging and poisoning in relation to age and gender of the deceased. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20(7):842–847. PubMed CrossRef
41. Dias D, Mendonça MC, Real FC, et al. Suicides in the Centre of Portugal: seven years analysis. Forensic Sci Int. 2014;234:22–28. PubMed CrossRef
42. Paraschakis A, Michopoulos I, Christodoulou C, et al. Psychiatric medication intake in suicide victims: gender disparities and implications for suicide prevention. J Forensic Sci. 2016;61(6):1660–1663. PubMed CrossRef
43. Hawton K, Appleby L, Platt S, et al. The psychological autopsy approach to studying suicide: a review of methodological issues. J Affect Disord. 1998;50(2–3):269–276. PubMed CrossRef
44. Conner KR, Duberstein PR, Conwell Y. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. I. Psychiatric diagnoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(3):204–209. PubMed CrossRef
45. Conner KR, Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. II. Life events, social support and suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(6):452–457. PubMed CrossRef
46. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, et al. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). In: Clinician Version, Scoresheet. 1996:68.
47. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, et al. Entrevista estructurada para los trastornos del eje I del DSM-IV. In: Versión Clínica. Masson; 1999.
48. Kelly TM, Mann JJ. Validity of DSM-III-R diagnosis by psychological autopsy: a comparison with clinician ante-mortem diagnosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;94(5):337–343. PubMed CrossRef
49. Schneider B, Maurer K, Sargk D, et al. Concordance of DSM-IV Axis I and II diagnoses by personal and informant’s interview. Psychiatry Res. 2004;127(1–2):121–136. PubMed CrossRef
50. Deep-Soboslay A, Akil M, Martin CE, et al. Reliability of psychiatric diagnosis in postmortem research. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(1):96–101. PubMed CrossRef
51. Patterson WM, Dohn HH, Bird J, et al. Evaluation of suicidal patients: the SAD PERSONS scale. Psychosomatics. 1983;24(4):348–349. PubMed CrossRef
52. Shea SC. The chronological assessment of suicide events: a practical interviewing strategy for the elicitation of suicidal ideation. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(suppl 20):58–72. PubMed
53. Guía de Práctica Clínica de Prevención y Tratamiento de la Conducta Suicida [Internet]. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; 2011 Accessed February 15, 2024. https://consaludmental.org/publicaciones/GPCprevencionconductasuicida.pdf
54. Lobo A, Chamorro L, Luque A, et al. [Validation of the Spanish versions of the Montgomery-Asberg depression and Hamilton anxiety rating scales]. Med Clin (Barc). 2002;118(13):493–493. PubMed CrossRef
55. Perdigón AL, Sanz J, Vázquez C. Adaptación española del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II): 2. Propiedades psicométricas en población general. Clínica Salud. 2003;14(3):249–280.
56. Oquendo MA, García EB, Graver R, et al. Spanish adaptation of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Eur J Psychiatry. 2001;15(3):147–155.
57. Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES. Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51(6):768–774. PubMed CrossRef
58. Jokinen J, Forslund K, Ahnemark E, et al. Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale predicts suicide in suicide attempters. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(8):1025–1032. PubMed CrossRef
59. Heun R, Maier W, Müller H. Subject and informant variables affecting family history diagnoses of depression and dementia. Psychiatry Res. 1997;71(3):175–180. PubMed CrossRef
60. Rice JP, Reich T, Bucholz KK, et al. Comparison of direct interview and family history diagnoses of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995;19(4):1018–1023. PubMed CrossRef
61. Werlang BSG, Botega NJ. A semistructured interview for psychologycal autopsy: an inter-rater reliability study. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2003;33(3):326–330. PubMed CrossRef
62. Conner KR, Chapman BP, Beautrais AL, et al. Introducing the psychological autopsy methodology checklist. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2021;51(4):673–683. PubMed CrossRef
63. Renaud J, Berlim MT, Séguin M, et al. Recent and lifetime utilization of health care services by children and adolescent suicide victims: a case-control study. J Affect Disord. 2009;117(3):168–173. PubMed CrossRef
64. Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, et al. The family history method using diagnostic criteria. Reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34(10):1229–1235. PubMed CrossRef
65. Ohberg A, Vuori E, Ojanperä I, et al. Alcohol and drugs in suicides. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169(1):75–80. PubMed CrossRef
66. Rich CL, Isacsson G. Suicide and antidepressants in South Alabama: evidence for improved treatment of depression. J Affect Disord. 1997;45(3):135–142. PubMed CrossRef
67. Isacsson G, Holmgren P, Ahlner J. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of suicide: a controlled forensic database study of 14,857 suicides. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;111(4):286–290. PubMed CrossRef
68. Leon AC, Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, et al. Antidepressants and youth suicide in New York City, 1999–2002. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(9):1054–1058. PubMed CrossRef
69. Drasch G, Dahlmann F, von Meyer L, et al. Frequency of different anti-depressants associated with suicides and drug deaths. Int J Leg Med. 2008;122(2):115–121. PubMed CrossRef
70. Tormey WP, Srinivasan R, Moore T. Biochemical toxicology and suicide in Ireland: a laboratory study. Ir J Med Sci. 2013;182(2):277–281. PubMed CrossRef
71. Taktak S, Kumral B, Unsal A, et al. Suicidal hanging in Istanbul, Turkey: 1979–2012 autopsy results. J Forensic Leg Med. 2015;33:44–49. PubMed CrossRef
72. Irigoyen M, Porras-Segovia A, Galván L, et al. Predictors of re-attempt in a cohort of suicide attempters: a survival analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;247:20–28. PubMed CrossRef
73. Kessing LV. Severity of depressive episodes according to ICD-10: prediction of risk of relapse and suicide. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184:153–156. PubMed CrossRef
74. Schneider B, Philipp M, Müller MJ. Psychopathological predictors of suicide in patients with major depression during a 5-year follow-up. Eur Psychiatry. 2001;16(5):283–288. PubMed CrossRef
75. Hawton K, Casañas I Comabella C, Haw C, et al. Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1–3):17–28. PubMed CrossRef
76. McGirr A, Renaud J, Seguin M, et al. An examination of DSM-IV depressive symptoms and risk for suicide completion in major depressive disorder: a psychological autopsy study. J Affect Disord. 2007;97(1–3):203–209. PubMed CrossRef
77. Tondo L, Vázquez GH, Baldessarini RJ. Melancholic versus nonmelancholic major depression compared. J Affect Disord. 2020;266:760–765. PubMed CrossRef
78. Dold M, Bartova L, Fugger G, et al. Melancholic features in major depression – a European multicenter study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021;110:110285. PubMed CrossRef
79. Black DW, Winokur G, Nasrallah A. Is death from natural causes still excessive in psychiatric patients? A follow-up of 1593 patients with major affective disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1987;175(11):674–680. PubMed CrossRef
80. Munoli RN, Sharma PSVN, Kongasseri S, et al. Melancholic versus non-melancholic depression: a prospective study. East Asian Arch Psychiatry. 2020;30(1):20–27. PubMed CrossRef
81. Fawcett J, Scheftner WA, Fogg L, et al. Time-related predictors of suicide in major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147(9):1189–1194. PubMed CrossRef
82. Fawcett J, Busch KA, Jacobs D, et al. Suicide: a four-pathway clinical-biochemical model. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;836:288–301. PubMed CrossRef
83. Van Gastel A, Schotte C, Maes M. The prediction of suicidal intent in depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;96(4):254–259. PubMed CrossRef
84. Kim HM, Smith EG, Ganoczy D, et al. Predictors of suicide in patient charts among patients with depression in the veterans health administration health system: importance of prescription drug and alcohol abuse. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(10):e1269–e1275. PubMed CrossRef
85. Busch KA, Fawcett J, Jacobs DG. Clinical correlates of inpatient suicide. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(1):14–19. PubMed CrossRef
86. Sinclair JMA, Harriss L, Baldwin DS, et al. Suicide in depressive disorders: a retrospective case-control study of 127 suicides. J Affect Disord. 2005;87(1):107–113. PubMed CrossRef
87. Hendin H, Maltsberger JT, Haas AP, et al. Desperation and other affective states in suicidal patients. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2004;34(4):386–394. PubMed CrossRef
88. Hendin H, Maltsberger JT, Szanto K. The role of intense affective states in signaling a suicide crisis. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(5):363–368. 89. PubMed CrossRef
89. Caldieraro MAK, Baeza FLC, Pinheiro DO, et al. Clinical differences between melancholic and nonmelancholic depression as defined by the CORE system. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(1):11–15. PubMed CrossRef
90. Baca-Garcia E, Diaz-Sastre C, García Resa E, et al. Suicide attempts and impulsivity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;255(2):152–156. PubMed CrossRef
91. Gvion Y, Levi-Belz Y, Hadlaczky G, et al. On the role of impulsivity and decision-making in suicidal behavior. World J Psychiatry. 2015;5(3):255–259. PubMed CrossRef
92. Dhingra K, Boduszek D, O’Connor RC. Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators using the Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of suicidal behaviour. J Affect Disord. 2015;186:211–218. PubMed CrossRef
93. Williams CL, Davidson JA, Montgomery I. Impulsive suicidal behavior. J Clin Psychol. 1980;36(1):90–94. PubMed CrossRef
94. McGirr A, Renaud J, Bureau A, et al. Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med. 2008;38(3):407–417. PubMed CrossRef
95. Morentin B, Meana JJ, Callado LF. Ethanol and illicit drugs acute use and abuse as risk factors for suicide: a case–control study based on forensic autopsies in the Basque Country, Spain. Span J Psychiatry Ment Health. 2023;16(2):109–115. PubMed CrossRef
96. Giner L, Carballo JJ, Guija JA, et al. Psychological autopsy studies: the role of alcohol use in adolescent and young adult suicides. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2007;19(1):99–113. PubMed CrossRef
97. Holmgren A, Jones AW. Demographics of suicide victims in Sweden in relation to their blood-alcohol concentration and the circumstances and manner of death. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;198(1–3):17–22. PubMed CrossRef
98. Kaplan MS, Giesbrecht N, Caetano R, et al. Acute alcohol consumption as a contributing factor to suicidal behavior. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(9):e2–e3. PubMed CrossRef
99. Hufford MR. Alcohol and suicidal behavior. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21(5):797–811. PubMed CrossRef
100. Bagge CL, Borges G. Acute substance use as a warning sign for suicide attempts: a case-crossover examination of the 48 hours prior to a recent suicide attempt. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(6):691–696. PubMed CrossRef
101. Østergaard MLD, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. Associations between substance use disorders and suicide or suicide attempts in people with mental illness: a Danish nation-wide, prospective, register-based study of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, unipolar depression or personality disorder. Addiction. 2017;112(7):1250–1259. PubMed
102. Bailey J, Kalk NJ, Andrews R, et al. Alcohol and cocaine use prior to suspected suicide: insights from toxicology. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021;40(7):1195–1201. PubMed CrossRef
103. Conner KR, Lathrop S, Caetano R, et al. Presence of alcohol, cocaine, and other drugs in suicide and motor vehicle crash decedents ages 18 to 54. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017;41(3):571–575. PubMed CrossRef
104. Anjos TGD, de Carvalho DSB, Machado AC, et al. Associated factors to abusive alcoholic beverage consumption in suicide victims. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108613. PubMed CrossRef
105. Agencia de Servicios Sociales y Dependencia de Andalucía. La población andaluza ante las drogas XIV [Internet]. Consejería de Igualdad y Políticas Sociales Junta de Andalucía. Accessed December 4, 2020. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/export/drupaljda/publicacion/19/02/Estudio%20la%20poblaci%C3%B3n%20andaluza%20XIV.pdf.
106. Portal Plan Nacional sobre Drogas – Encuestas y estudios [Internet]. Accessed September 20, 2023. https://pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/encuestas_EDADES.htm
107. Levine B, Smith ML, Smialek JE, et al. Interpretation of low postmortem concentrations of ethanol. J Forensic Sci. 1993;38(3):663–667. PubMed
108. Parra-Uribe I, Blasco-Fontecilla H, Garcia-Parés G, et al. Risk of re-attempts and suicide death after a suicide attempt: a survival analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):163. PubMed CrossRef
109. Roza TH, Marchionatti LE, Gosmann NP, et al. Characteristics of deaths by suicide in postmortem studies in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2023;53(6):1086–1107. PubMed CrossRef
110. Neeleman J. A continuum of premature death. Meta-analysis of competing mortality in the psychosocially vulnerable. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(1):154–162. PubMed CrossRef
111. Owens D, Horrocks J, House A. Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm. Systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181:193–199. PubMed CrossRef
112. Beautrais AL. Further suicidal behavior among medically serious suicide attempters. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2004;34(1):1–11. PubMed CrossRef
113. Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, et al. The validity of diagnoses obtained through the psychological autopsy procedure in adolescent suicide victims: use of family history. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;87(2):118–122. PubMed CrossRef
114. Barraclough B, Bunch J, Nelson B, et al. A hundred cases of suicide: clinical aspects. Br J Psychiatry. 1974;125(0):355–373. PubMed CrossRef
115. Herjanic B, Reich W. Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1997;25(1):21–31. PubMed CrossRef
116. Breslau N, Davis GC, Prabucki K. Depressed mothers as informants in family history research – are they accurate? Psychiatry Res. 1988;24(3):345–359. PubMed CrossRef
117. Cavanagh JTO, Carson AJ, Sharpe M, et al. Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2003;33(3):395–405. PubMed CrossRef
118. Centre ICE. Suicide: psychological autopsy, a research tool for prevention. Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale; 2005. Accessed May 25, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7126/
119. Snider JE, Hane S, Berman AL. Standardizing the psychological autopsy: addressing the daubert standard. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006;36(5):511–518. 120. PubMed CrossRef
120. Knoll JL 4th. The psychological autopsy, part I: applications and methods. J Psychiatr Pract. 2008;14(6):393–387. PubMed CrossRef