This article is available to members only. Please enjoy the abstract for free. Subscribe for instant access to the full article.

This content is restricted to subscribers

Continue Reading...

Did you know members enjoy unlimited free PDF downloads as part of their subscription? Subscribe today for instant access to this article and our entire library in your preferred format. Alternatively, you can purchase the PDF of this article individually.

Subscribe Now

Already a member? Login

Purchase PDF for $40

Members enjoy free PDF downloads on all articles. Join today

  1. Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
  2. Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
  3. West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
  4. Corresponding author: Kang Sim, MBBS, MMed, Grad Dip, MS-HPEd, FAMS, Institute of Mental Health/Woodbridge Hospital, 10, Buangkok View, Singapore 539747 ([email protected]).
  1. Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, et al. Bipolar disorder. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1561–1572. PubMed CrossRef
  2. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. World Health Organization; 1992.
  3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  4. Hirschfeld RM, Lewis L, Vornik LA. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association 2000 Survey of Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(2):161–174. PubMed CrossRef
  5. Ferrari AJ, Stockings E, Khoo JP, et al. The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18(5):440–450. PubMed CrossRef
  6. Post F, Buchta M, Kemmler G, et al. Resilience predicts self-stigma and stigma resistance in stabilized patients with bipolar I disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:678807. PubMed CrossRef
  7. Newman R. The road to resilience. October 2002. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.apa.org/monitor/oct02/pp
  8. Rutter M. Resilience as a dynamic concept. Dev Psychopathol. 2012;24(2):335–344. PubMed CrossRef
  9. Werner EE, Smith RS. Journeys from Childhood to Midlife: Risk Resilience and Recovery. Cornell University Press; 2001.
  10. Grotberg EH. Resilience for Today: Gaining Strength from Adversity. Greenwood Praeger Publishing Group; 2003.
  11. Galderisi S, Rucci P, Mucci A, et al; Italian Network for Research on Psychoses. The interplay among psychopathology, personal resources, context-related factors and real-life functioning in schizophrenia: stability in relationships after 4 years and differences in network structure between recovered and non-recovered patients. World Psychiatry. 2020;19(1):81–91. PubMed CrossRef
  12. Mizuno Y, Hofer A, Suzuki T, et al. Clinical and biological correlates of resilience in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study. Schizophr Res. 2016;175(1–3):148–153. PubMed CrossRef
  13. Wambua GN, Kilian S, Ntlantsana V, et al. The association between resilience and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113374. PubMed CrossRef
  14. Yeo JJ, Chew QH, Sim K. Resilience and its inter-relationship with symptomatology, illness course, psychosocial functioning, and mediational roles in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Asia-Pac Psychiatry. 2021;14(2):e12486. PubMed.
  15. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al; PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. PubMed CrossRef
  16. Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. 2000. Accessed Feb 10, 2022. https://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
  17. Modesti PA, Reboldi G, Cappuccio FP, et al; ESH Working Group on CV Risk in Low Resource Settings. Panethnic differences in blood pressure in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147601. PubMed CrossRef
  18. Palagini L, Miniati M, Marazziti D, et al. Insomnia symptoms are associated with impaired resilience in bipolar disorder: potential links with early life stressors may affect mood features and suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2022;299:596–603. PubMed CrossRef
  19. Palagini L, Miniati M, Marazziti D, et al. Circadian rhythm alterations may be related to impaired resilience, emotional dysregulation and to the severity of mood features in bipolar I and II disorders. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2022;19(3):174–186. PubMed. CrossRef
  20. Echezarraga A, Calvete E, Orue I, et al. Resilience moderates the associations between bipolar disorder mood episodes and mental health. Clin Salud. 2022;33(2):83–90. CrossRef
  21. Dou W, Yu X, Fang H, et al. Family and psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder: the mediating effects of social support, resilience and suicidal ideation. Front Psychol. 2022;12:807546. PubMed CrossRef
  22. Fernández-Rocha ML, García-Izquierdo M, Ríos-Rísquez MI. Psychological resilience and suicide attempt in patients with bipolar disorder: an exploratory study [published online October 29, 2021]. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2021:10783903211050682. PubMed CrossRef
  23. Aslan IH, Baldwin DS. Ruminations and their correlates in depressive episodes: Between-group comparison in patients with unipolar or bipolar depression and healthy controls. J Affect Disord. 2021;280(Pt A):1–6. PubMed CrossRef
  24. Citak C, Erten E. Impact of childhood trauma and attachment on resilience in remitted patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2021;280(Pt A):219–227. PubMed CrossRef
  25. Nunes KG, da Rocha NS. Resilience in severe mental disorders: correlations to clinical measures and quality of life in hospitalized patients with major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Qual Life Res. 2022;31(2):507–516. PubMed CrossRef
  26. Verdolini N, Amoretti S, Montejo L, et al. Resilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2021;283:156–164. PubMed CrossRef
  27. Masi G, Scullin S, Narzisi A, et al. Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts in referred adolescents with high functioning autism spectrum disorder and comorbid bipolar disorder: a pilot study. Brain Sci. 2020;10(10):750. PubMed CrossRef
  28. Pardeller S, Kemmler G, Hoertnagl CM, et al. Associations between resilience and quality of life in patients experiencing a depressive episode. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113353. PubMed CrossRef
  29. Şenormancı G, Güçlü O, Özben İ, et al. Resilience and insight in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2020;266:402–412. PubMed CrossRef
  30. Vieira IS, Pedrotti Moreira F, Mondin TC, et al. Resilience as a mediator factor in the relationship between childhood trauma and mood disorder: A community sample of young adults. J Affect Disord. 2020;274:48–53. PubMed CrossRef
  31. Uygun E, Cebeci RB, Özsoy E, et al. Investigation of the relationship between perceived social support and psychological resilience in bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional study. Alpha Psychiatry. 2020;21(0):37–44. CrossRef
  32. Sánchez J, Muller V, Chan F, et al. Personal and environmental contextual factors as mediators between functional disability and quality of life in adults with serious mental illness: a cross-sectional analysis. Qual Life Res. 2019;28(2):441–450. PubMed CrossRef
  33. Sivri GA, Ünal FE, Güleç H. Resilience and personality in psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;29(4):650–655. CrossRef
  34. Bozikas VP, Parlapani E, Ntouros E, et al. Resilience predicts social functioning in clinically stable patients with bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018;206(7):567–574. PubMed CrossRef
  35. Chung JK, Choi KS, Kang HG, et al. The relationship between morningness-eveningness and resilience in mood disorder patients. Compr Psychiatry. 2018;87:72–78. PubMed CrossRef
  36. Deng M, Pan Y, Zhou L, et al. Resilience and cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and healthy controls. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:279. PubMed CrossRef
  37. Mizuno Y, Hofer A, Frajo-Apor B, et al. Religiosity and psychological resilience in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: an international cross-sectional study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018;137(4):316–327. PubMed CrossRef
  38. Post F, Pardeller S, Frajo-Apor B, et al. Quality of life in stabilized outpatients with bipolar I disorder: associations with resilience, internalized stigma, and residual symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2018;238:399–404. PubMed CrossRef
  39. Lee D, Cha B, Park CS, et al. Effects of resilience on quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:434–441. PubMed CrossRef
  40. Hofer A, Mizuno Y, Wartelsteiner F, et al. Quality of life in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: The impact of symptomatic remission and resilience. Eur Psychiatry. 2017;46:42–47. PubMed CrossRef
  41. Choi JW, Cha B, Jang J, et al. Resilience and impulsivity in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2015;170:172–177. PubMed CrossRef
  42. Kesebir S, Ünübol B, Tatlıdil Yaylacı E, et al. Impact of childhood trauma and affective temperament on resilience in bipolar disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2015;3(1):3. PubMed CrossRef
  43. Camardese G, Vasale M, DʼAlessandris L, et al. A mixed program of psychoeducational and psychological rehabilitation for patients with bipolar disorder in a day hospital setting. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018;206(4):290–295. PubMed CrossRef
  44. Echezarraga A, Calvete E, González-Pinto AM, et al. Resilience dimensions and mental health outcomes in bipolar disorder in a follow-up study. Stress Health. 2018;34(1):115–126. PubMed CrossRef
  45. Davydov DM, Stewart R, Ritchie K, et al. Resilience and mental health. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(5):479–495. PubMed CrossRef
  46. Ellis BJ, Boyce WT. Biological sensitivity to context. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2008;17:183–187. CrossRef
  47. Belsky J, Jonassaint C, Pluess M, et al. Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes? Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14(8):746–754. PubMed CrossRef
  48. Fergus S, Zimmerman MA. Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26(1):399–419. PubMed CrossRef
  49. De Lissnyder E, Koster EH, De Raedt R. Emotional interference in working memory is related to rumination. Cognit Ther Res. 2012;36(4):348–357. CrossRef
  50. Koster EH, De Lissnyder E, Derakshan N, et al. Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: the impaired disengagement hypothesis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(1):138–145. PubMed CrossRef
  51. Bozikas VP, Parlapani E, Holeva V, et al. Resilience in patients with recent diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016;204(8):578–584. PubMed CrossRef
  52. Kim SW, Kim JJ, Lee BJ, et al. Clinical and psychosocial factors associated with depression in patients with psychosis according to stage of illness. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2020;14(1):44–52. PubMed CrossRef
  53. Liu D, Zhou Y, Li G, et al. The factors associated with depression in schizophrenia patients: the role of self-efficacy, self-esteem, hope and resilience. Psychol Health Med. 2020;25(4):457–469. PubMed CrossRef
  54. Yamashita A, Yoshioka SI, Yajima Y. Resilience and related factors as predictors of relapse risk in patients with substance use disorder: a cross-sectional study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2021;16(1):40. PubMed CrossRef
  55. O’Keeffe D, Hannigan A, Doyle R, et al. The iHOPE-20 study: relationships between and prospective predictors of remission, clinical recovery, personal recovery and resilience 20 years on from a first episode psychosis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2019;53(11):1080–1092. PubMed CrossRef
  56. De Beurs D, Fried EI, Wetherall K, et al. Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: a theory driven network analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2019;120:103419. PubMed CrossRef
  57. Marshall M, Shannon C, Meenagh C, et al. The association between childhood trauma, parental bonding and depressive symptoms and interpersonal functioning in depression and bipolar disorder. Ir J Psychol Med. 2018;35(1):23–32. PubMed CrossRef
  58. Bowlby J. The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. Tavistock; 1979.
  59. Bowlby J. Attachment. Attachment and Loss. Vol 11. 2nd ed. Basic Books; 1982.
  60. Kural AI, Kovacs M. Attachment anxiety and resilience: The mediating role of coping. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2021;221:103447. PubMed CrossRef
  61. Fanaj N, Melonashia E, Shkëmbi F. Self-esteem and hopelessness as predictors of emotional difficulties: a cross-sectional study among adolescents in Kosovo. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2015;165:222–233. CrossRef
  62. Johnson SL, Meyer B, Winett C, et al. Social support and self-esteem predict changes in bipolar depression but not mania. J Affect Disord. 2000;58(1):79–86. PubMed CrossRef
  63. Hayter MR, Dorstyn DS. Resilience, self-esteem and self-compassion in adults with spina bifida. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(2):167–171. PubMed CrossRef
  64. Edward KL, Welch A, Chater K. The phenomenon of resilience as described by adults who have experienced mental illness. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(3):587–595. PubMed CrossRef
  65. Walsh MA, Brown LH, Barrantes-Vidal N, et al. The expression of affective temperaments in daily life. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(2):179–186. PubMed CrossRef
  66. Moccia L, Janiri D, Pepe M, et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:75–79. PubMed CrossRef
  67. Swanson A, Geller J, DeMartini K, et al. Active coping and perceived social support mediate the relationship between physical health and resilience in liver transplant candidates. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2018;25(4):485–496. PubMed CrossRef
  68. Sahin Baltaci H, Karataş Z. Perceived social support, depression and life satisfaction as the predictor of the resilience of secondary school students: the case of Burdur. Eur J Educ Res. 2015;15(60):111–130. CrossRef
  69. González-Pinto A, Ruiz de Azúa S, Ibáñez B, et al. Can positive family factors be protective against the development of psychosis? Psychiatry Res. 2011;186(1):28–33. PubMed CrossRef
  70. Young R, Lennie S, Minnis H. Children’s perceptions of parental emotional neglect and control and psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52(8):889–897. PubMed CrossRef
  71. Coates EE, Phares V, Dedrick RF. Psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 among low-income, African American men. Psychol Assess. 2013;25(4):1349–1354. PubMed CrossRef
  72. Hefti R. Integrating spiritual issues into therapy. In: Huguelet P, Koenig HG, eds. Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry. Cambridge University Press; 2009:244–267.
  73. Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76–82. PubMed CrossRef
  74. Windle G, Bennett KM, Noyes J. A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9(1):8. PubMed CrossRef
  75. Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, et al. The Brief Resilience Scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med. 2008;15(3):194–200. PubMed CrossRef
  76. Friborg O, Hjemdal O, Rosenvinge JH, et al. A new rating scale for adult resilience: what are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12(2):65–76. PubMed CrossRef
  77. Kelly Y, Fitzgerald A, Dooley B. Validation of the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) in Ireland: a multi-group analysis. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2017;26(2):e1506. PubMed CrossRef
  78. Echezarraga A, Las Hayas C, González-Pinto AM, et al. The Resilience Questionnaire for bipolar disorder: development and validation. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2017;31(4):376–385. PubMed CrossRef
  79. Soo SA, Zhang ZW, Khong SJ, et al. Randomized controlled trials of psychoeducation modalities in the management of bipolar disorder: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79(3):17r11750. PubMed CrossRef