Introduction: Update on Tardive Dyskinesia

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Movement disorders that are associated with psychotic syndromes have beenrecognized for hundreds of years; as an example, abnormal facial movements have been noted in some medieval art works. Both Kraepelin and Bleuler recognized orofacial and limb movement disorders in patients with untreated schizophrenia. Each described patients with features resembling extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and/or tardive dyskinesia—such as catatonia, stereotypies, mannerisms, tremors, grimaces and dyskinetic movements of the tongue and lips, and sudden involuntary gestures.’ ‹