Back to top Open menu arrow
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

The Journal of
Clinical Psychiatry
Access icon

This article is available to members only. Please enjoy the abstract for free. Subscribe for instant access to the full article.

This content is restricted to subscribers

Continue Reading...

Did you know members enjoy unlimited free PDF downloads as part of their subscription? Subscribe today for instant access to this article and our entire library in your preferred format. Alternatively, you can purchase the PDF of this article individually.

Subscribe Now

Already a member? Login

Purchase PDF for $40

Members enjoy free PDF downloads on all articles. Join today

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  2. Corresponding Author: Chirag M. Vyas, MBBS, MPH, Massachusetts General Hospital, One Bowdoin Sq, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02114 ([email protected]).
  3. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  4. Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  5. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  6. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
  7. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  8. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  9. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  10. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  11. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  12. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  13. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
  14. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  15. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
  16. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  17. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
  18. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  19. Department of Psychiatry, UPMC and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Reynolds).
  20. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  21. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
  22. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  1. Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders. Institute of Medicine. Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1994.
  2. Schoevers RA, Smit F, Deeg DJ, et al. Prevention of late-life depression in primary care: do we know where to begin? Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(9):1611–1621. PubMed CrossRef
  3. Smits F, Smits N, Schoevers R, et al. An epidemiological approach to depression prevention in old age. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(6):444–453. PubMed CrossRef
  4. Muñoz RF, Cuijpers P, Smit F, et al. Prevention of major depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6(1):181–212. PubMed CrossRef
  5. Lee SM, Te S, Breen EC, et al. Circulating versus lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory markers as correlates of subthreshold depressive symptoms in older adults. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2020;21(8):634–641. PubMed CrossRef
  6. Brinkley TE, Leng X, Miller ME, et al. Chronic inflammation is associated with low physical function in older adults across multiple comorbidities. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64A(4):455–461. PubMed CrossRef
  7. Bertone-Johnson ER. Vitamin D and the occurrence of depression: causal association or circumstantial evidence? Nutr Rev. 2009;67(8):481–492. PubMed CrossRef
  8. Cherniack EP, Troen BR, Florez HJ, et al. Some new food for thought: the role of vitamin D in the mental health of older adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009;11(1):12–19. PubMed CrossRef
  9. Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, et al. Neurobiology of depression. Neuron. 2002;34(1):13–25. PubMed CrossRef
  10. Su KP, Matsuoka Y, Pae CU. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of mood and anxiety disorders. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(2):129–137. PubMed CrossRef
  11. van’t Veer-Tazelaar PJ, van Marwijk HW, van Oppen P, et al. Stepped-care prevention of anxiety and depression in late life: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(3):297–304. PubMed CrossRef
  12. Sriwattanakomen R, Ford AF, Thomas SB, et al. Preventing depression in later life: translation from concept to experimental design and implementation. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(6):460–468. PubMed CrossRef
  13. Rovner BW, Casten RJ, Hegel MT, et al. Preventing depression in age-related macular degeneration. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(8):886–892. PubMed CrossRef
  14. Cuijpers P, Pineda BS, Quero S, et al. Psychological interventions to prevent the onset of depressive disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;83:101955. PubMed CrossRef
  15. Okereke OI, Lyness JM, Lotrich FE, et al. Depression in late-life: a focus on prevention. Focus Am Psychiatr Publ. 2013;11(1):22–31. PubMed CrossRef
  16. de Koning EJ, Lips P, Penninx BWJH, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of depression and poor physical function in older persons: the D-Vitaal study, a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110(5):1119–1130. PubMed CrossRef
  17. Bot M, Brouwer IA, Roca M, et al; MooDFOOD Prevention Trial Investigators. Effect of multinutrient supplementation and food-related behavioral activation therapy on prevention of major depressive disorder among overweight or obese adults with subsyndromal depressive symptoms: the MooDFOOD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321(9):858–868. PubMed CrossRef
  18. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, et al; RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9471):1621–1628. PubMed CrossRef
  19. Jorde R, Sneve M, Figenschau Y, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: randomized double blind trial. J Intern Med. 2008;264(6):599–609. PubMed CrossRef
  20. Andreeva VA, Galan P, Torrès M, et al. Supplementation with B vitamins or n-3 fatty acids and depressive symptoms in cardiovascular disease survivors: ancillary findings from the SUpplementation with FOLate, vitamins B-6 and B-12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids (SU.FOL.OM3) randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(1):208–214. PubMed CrossRef
  21. Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM, Kromhout D. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms and dispositional optimism after myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(6):1442–1450. PubMed CrossRef
  22. Zimmer R, Riemer T, Rauch B, et al; OMEGA-Study Group. Effects of 1-year treatment with highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on depression after myocardial infarction: results from the OMEGA trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(11):e1037–e1045. PubMed CrossRef
  23. Chang SC, Pan A, Kawachi I, et al. Risk factors for late-life depression: a prospective cohort study among older women. Prev Med. 2016;91:144–151. PubMed CrossRef
  24. Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Lee IM, et al. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Contemp Clin Trials. 2012;33(1):159–171. PubMed CrossRef
  25. Okereke OI, Reynolds CF 3rd, Mischoulon D, et al. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL-Depression Endpoint Prevention (VITAL-DEP): Rationale and design of a large-scale ancillary study evaluating vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for prevention of late-life depression. Contemp Clin Trials. 2018;68:133–145. PubMed CrossRef
  26. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(suppl 20):22–33, quiz 34–57. PubMed
  27. Brown LM, Schinka JA, Mortimer JA, et al. 3MS normative data for elderly African Americans. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003;25(2):234–241. PubMed CrossRef
  28. Bassuk SS, Murphy JM. Characteristics of the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam among elderly persons. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56(7):622–628. PubMed CrossRef
  29. Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al; VITAL Research Group. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):33–44. PubMed CrossRef
  30. Okereke OI, Reynolds CF 3rd, Mischoulon D, et al. Effect of long-term vitamin D3 supplementation vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(5):471–480. PubMed CrossRef
  31. Judd LL, Rapaport MH, Paulus MP, et al. Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: a new mood disorder? J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(suppl):18–28. PubMed
  32. Rapaport MH, Judd LL, Schettler PJ, et al. A descriptive analysis of minor depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(4):637–643. PubMed CrossRef
  33. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613. PubMed CrossRef
  34. Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, et al. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2009;114(1-3):163–173. PubMed CrossRef
  35. Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, et al. Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;39:24–31. PubMed CrossRef
  36. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–1097. PubMed CrossRef
  37. Fillenbaum GG, Smyer MA. The development, validity, and reliability of the OARS multidimensional functional assessment questionnaire. J Gerontol. 1981;36(4):428–434. PubMed CrossRef
  38. Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, et al. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):1789–1795. PubMed CrossRef
  39. Haley SM, McHorney CA, Ware JE Jr. Evaluation of the MOS SF-36 physical functioning scale (PF-10), I: unidimensionality and reproducibility of the Rasch item scale. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47(6):671–684. PubMed CrossRef
  40. Teng EL, Chui HC. The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48(8):314–318. PubMed
  41. Ryan J, Woods RL, Britt C, et al; ASPREE Investigator Group. Normative performance of healthy older individuals on the Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination according to ethno-racial group, gender, age, and education level. Clin Neuropsychol. 2019;33(4):779–797. PubMed CrossRef
  42. Higginson IJ, Gao W, Jackson D, et al. Short-form Zarit Caregiver Burden Interviews were valid in advanced conditions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(5):535–542. PubMed CrossRef
  43. Koenig HG, Westlund RE, George LK, et al. Abbreviating the Duke Social Support Index for use in chronically ill elderly individuals. Psychosomatics. 1993;34(1):61–69. PubMed CrossRef
  44. Strodl E, Kenardy J. The 5-item Mental Health Index predicts the initial diagnosis of nonfatal stroke in older women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008;17(6):979–986. PubMed CrossRef
  45. Fitzmaurice GM, Laird NM, Ware JH. Modelling the mean: analyzing response profiles. In: Fitzmaurice GM, Laird NM, Ware JH, eds. Applied Longitudinal Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2004:103–139.
  46. Okereke OI, Singh A. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of late-life depression. J Affect Disord. 2016;198:1–14. PubMed CrossRef
  47. Sinn N, Milte CM, Street SJ, et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acids, EPA v. DHA, on depressive symptoms, quality of life, memory and executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(11):1682–1693. PubMed CrossRef
  48. Whiteford HA, Harris MG, McKeon G, et al. Estimating remission from untreated major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2013;43(8):1569–1585. PubMed CrossRef
  49. Bai ZG, Bo A, Wu SJ, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduction of depressive symptoms in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;241:241–248. PubMed CrossRef
Purchase PDF for $40

Members enjoy free PDF downloads on all articles. Join today

Save Save

Share Share

Cite Cite

Celebrating
85 Years

Read the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Subscribe to read
more articles

Subscribe now