Tardive dyskinesia (TD) consists of involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk, and extremities that occur in patients treated long-term with dopamine antagonist medications. TD can be associated with significant functional impairment and be socially stigmatizing. TD, once established, has proved to be often irreversible and remains a significant treatment issue. An accurate and early diagnosis of TD is crucial because the risk of permanence increases over time. Clinicians should be educated on which patients are most at risk for TD and conduct assessments through clinical examination or through the use of a structured evaluative tool such as the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Patients and caregivers need to be educated about the risks of and alternatives to antipsychotic medication and early signs of TD. New treatment approaches to persistent TD are available and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration: the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitors, deutetrabenazine and valbenazine. When treatment is initiated, a baseline assessment should be obtained by clinicians using the AIMS and follow-up assessments should be done on a regular basis. In this educational activity, Drs Correll and Citrome offer a review of the diagnostic and treatment fundamentals for TD.
Find more articles on this and other psychiatry and CNS topics:
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders
Can you recognize risk factors for tardive dyskinesia? Are you familiar with diagnostic criteria? Do you regularly assess patients for the condition? Are you knowledgeable about using new medications for TD? Experts share best practices for the assessment and treatment of TD.
From the Series: Revisiting the Fundamentals of Diagnosing and Treating Tardive Dyskinesia
To cite: Correll CU, Citrome LL. Diagnostic and treatment fundamentals for tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2021;82(6):NU20016AX1C.
To share: https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.NU20016AX1C
© Copyright 2021 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
CME Background Information
Target Audience
Psychiatrists, neurologists, primary care clinicians, and psychiatric nurse practitioners and physician assistants
Support Statement
Supported by an educational grant from Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc.
Learning Objectives
After completing this educational activity, you should be able to:
- Evaluate patients for TD per recommendations
- Select the most appropriate TD treatment strategy for each patient
Release, Review, and Expiration Dates
This CME activity was published in September 2021 and is eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ through September 30, 2023. The latest review of this material was August 2021.
Statement of Need and Purpose
TD must be detected early to minimize the risk of the movements becoming permanent. But many clinicians are unable to identify risk factors for this condition, are unfamiliar with diagnostic criteria, and do not regularly assess patients for TD. Clinicians, therefore, need education on the risk factors that should alert them to monitor certain patients especially closely for TD and strategies to assess all patients being treated with dopamine-blocking agents and provide an accurate diagnosis. In addition, while treatment for TD is available, with evidence-based recommendations and research on long-term safety and efficacy, clinicians may be slow to implement treatment strategies due to underestimation of the social and occupational impact that TD has on patients’ lives and uncertainty about what to do.
Disclosure of Off-Label Usage
Dr Correll has determined that, to the best of his knowledge, Vitamin E, Vitamin B6, Ginkgo Biloba, eicosapentaenoic acid (fish oil), melatonin, clonazepam, amantadine, donepezil, Branched Chain Aminoacids (BCAA), reserpine and tetrabenazine, are not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.
Review Process
The faculty members agreed to provide a balanced and evidence-based presentation and discussed the topics and CME objectives during the planning sessions. The faculty’s submitted content was validated by CME Institute staff, and the activity was evaluated for accuracy, use of evidence, and fair balance by the Chair and a peer reviewer who is without conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
This activity is derived from the teleconference series “Revisiting the Fundamentals of Diagnosing and Treating Tardive Dyskinesia,” which was held in March 2021 and supported by an educational grant from Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. The opinions expressed herein are those of the faculty and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the CME provider and publisher or the commercial supporter.
Faculty Affiliation
Christoph U. Correll, MD
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
Leslie Citrome, MD, MPH
New York Medical College, Valhalla
Financial Disclosure
The faculty for this CME activity and the CME Institute staff were asked to complete a statement regarding all relevant personal and financial relationships between themselves or their spouse/partner and any commercial interest. The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) defines a commercial interest as any entity producing, marketing, re-selling, or distributing health care goods or services consumed by, or used on, patients. The ACCME defines relevant financial relationships as financial relationships in any amount occurring within the past 12 months that create a conflict of interest. The CME Institute has resolved any conflicts of interest that were identified. No member of the CME Institute staff reported any relevant personal financial relationships. Faculty financial disclosure is as follows:
Dr Citrome is a consultant for AbbVie, Acadia, Alkermes, Allergan, Avanir, Axsome, BioXcel, Cadent Therapeutics, Eisai, Impel, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Janssen, Karuna, Lundbeck, Luye, Merck, Neurocrine, Noven, Osmotica, Otsuka, Sage, Shire, Sunovion, Takeda, and Teva; is a member of the speakers/advisory boards for AbbVie, Acadia, Alkermes, Allergan, Eisai, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Janssen, Lundbeck, Merck, Neurocrine, Noven, Otsuka, Sage, Shire, Sunovion, Takeda, Teva; is a stock shareholder of Bristol-Myers, Squibb, Eli Lilly, J&J, Merck, and Pfizer; and has received royalties from Wiley, UpToDate, Springer Healthcare, and Elsevier.
The Chair for this activity, Dr Correll, has received grant/research support and honoraria from Acadia, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Axsome, Gedeon Richter, Gerson Lehrman Group, Indivior, IntraCellular Therapies, Janssen/J&J, Karuna, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, MedAvante-ProPhase, MedInCell, Medscape, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Mylan, Neurocrine, Noven, Otsuka, Pfizer, Recordati, Rovi, Servier, Sumitomo Dainippon, Sunovion, Supernus, Takeda, and Teva; has received grant/research support from Janssen and Takeda; is a member of the speakers/advisory boards for Acadia, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Axsome, Gedeon Richter, IntraCellular Therapies, Janssen/J&J, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, MedInCell, Merck, Mylan, Neurocrine, Noven, Otsuka, Pfizer, Recordati, Rovi, Servier, Sumitomo Dainippon, Sunovion, Supernus, Takeda, and Teva; and is a stock shareholder of LB Pharma.
Accreditation Statement
The CME Institute of Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc., is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
Credit Designation
The CME Institute of Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc., designates this enduring material for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Note: The American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) and the American Academy of Physician Assistants (AAPA) accept certificates of participation for educational activities certified for AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ from organizations accredited by the ACCME.
To obtain credit for this activity, study the material and complete the CME Posttest and Evaluation.
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Author Affiliations
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- New York Medical College, Valhalla
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