This article is available to members only. Please enjoy the abstract for free. Subscribe for instant access to the full article.

This content is restricted to subscribers

Continue Reading...

Did you know members enjoy unlimited free PDF downloads as part of their subscription? Subscribe today for instant access to this article and our entire library in your preferred format. Alternatively, you can purchase the PDF of this article individually.

Subscribe Now

Already a member? Login

Purchase PDF for $40

Members enjoy free PDF downloads on all articles. Join today

  1. Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
  2. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
  3. Corresponding author: Greta A. Bushnell, PhD, MSPH, Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, 112 Paterson St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 ([email protected]).
  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
  5. Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
  6. Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
  7. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
  8. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
  1. Stein MB, Goin MK, Pollack MH, et al. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Panic Disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association: 2009.
  2. Clinical Practice Review for GAD. Anxiety and Depression Association of America. 2015. https://adaa.org/resources-professionals/practice-guidelines-gad
  3. Stein MB, Craske MG. Treating anxiety in 2017: optimizing care to improve outcomes. JAMA. 2017;318(3):235–236. PubMed CrossRef
  4. Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2011. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113
  5. Connolly SD, Bernstein GA; Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(2):267–283. PubMed CrossRef
  6. Walter HJ, Bukstein OG, Abright AR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(10):1107–1124. PubMed CrossRef
  7. Dunlop BW, Davis PG. Combination treatment with benzodiazepines and SSRIs for comorbid anxiety and depression: a review. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;10(3):222–228. PubMed CrossRef
  8. Goddard AW, Brouette T, Almai A, et al. Early coadministration of clonazepam with sertraline for panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(7):681–686. PubMed CrossRef
  9. Dobson ET, Bloch MH, Strawn JR. Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for pediatric anxiety disorders: a network meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(1):17r12064. PubMed CrossRef
  10. Bushnell GA, Stürmer T, Gaynes BN, et al. Simultaneous antidepressant and benzodiazepine new use and subsequent long-term benzodiazepine use in adults with depression, United States, 2001–2014. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(7):747–755. PubMed CrossRef
  11. Furukawa TA, Streiner DL, Young LT. Antidepressant plus benzodiazepine for major depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD001026. PubMed
  12. Stein MB, Cantrell CR, Sokol MC, et al. Antidepressant adherence and medical resource use among managed care patients with anxiety disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(5):673–680. PubMed CrossRef
  13. Bushnell GA, Brookhart MA, Gaynes BN, et al. Examining parental medication adherence as a predictor of child medication adherence in pediatric anxiety disorders. Med Care. 2018;56(6):510–519. PubMed CrossRef
  14. Jann M, Kennedy WK, Lopez G. Benzodiazepines: a major component in unintentional prescription drug overdoses with opioid analgesics. J Pharm Pract. 2014;27(1):5–16. PubMed CrossRef
  15. Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC, eds. Goodman & Gillman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2011.
  16. McCabe SE, West BT. Medical and nonmedical use of prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics among US high school seniors. Addict Behav. 2014;39(5):959–964. PubMed CrossRef
  17. Gaither JR, Shabanova V, Leventhal JM. US national trends in pediatric deaths from prescription and illicit opioids, 1999–2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(8):e186558. PubMed CrossRef
  18. Maust DT, Lin LA, Blow FC. Benzodiazepine use and misuse among adults in the United States. Psychiatr Serv. 2019;70(2):97–106. PubMed CrossRef
  19. Schepis TS, West BT, Teter CJ, et al. Prevalence and correlates of co-ingestion of prescription tranquilizers and other psychoactive substances by U.S. high school seniors: Results from a national survey. Addict Behav. 2016;52:8–12. PubMed CrossRef
  20. FDA requiring Boxed Warning updated to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug class. US Food and Drug Administration. 2020. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-requiring-boxed-warning-updated-improve-safe-use-benzodiazepine-drug-class
  21. IBM MarketScan Research Databases. IBM. 2021. Accessed 3/24/2021.https://www.ibm.com/products/marketscan-research-databases.
  22. IBM Watson Health. IBM MarketScan Research Databases for Health Services Researchers. White Paper. 2019. https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/6KNYVVQ2
  23. Liu X, Chen Y, Faries DE. Adherence and persistence with branded antidepressants and generic SSRIs among managed care patients with major depressive disorder. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2011;3:63–72. PubMed
  24. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487–497. PubMed CrossRef
  25. Fontanella CA, Bridge JA, Marcus SC, et al. Factors associated with antidepressant adherence for Medicaid-enrolled children and adolescents. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(7-8):898–909. PubMed CrossRef
  26. Paulozzi LJ, Strickler GK, Kreiner PW, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Controlled substance prescribing patterns—prescription behavior surveillance system, eight states, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2015;64(9):1–14. PubMed CrossRef
  27. Bandelow B, Reitt M, Röver C, et al. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30(4):183–192. PubMed CrossRef
  28. Wang Z, Whiteside SPH, Sim L, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for childhood anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(11):1049–1056. PubMed CrossRef
  29. Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, et al. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;393(10173):768–777. PubMed CrossRef
  30. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines; requires its strongest warning. US Food and Drug Administration. 2016. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-warns-about-serious-risks-and-death-when-combining-opioid-pain-or
  31. Brent DA, Emslie GJ, Clarke GN, et al. Predictors of spontaneous and systematically assessed suicidal adverse events in the Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(4):418–426. PubMed CrossRef
  32. Neutel CI, Patten SB. Risk of suicide attempts after benzodiazepine and/or antidepressant use. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7(8):568–574. PubMed CrossRef
  33. Cato V, Holländare F, Nordenskjöld A, et al. Association between benzodiazepines and suicide risk: a matched case-control study. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):317. PubMed CrossRef
  34. Schulenberg JEJL, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, et al. Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2017—College Students & Adults Ages 19–55. Volume II. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; 2018.
  35. Altmann H, Stahl ST, Gebara MA, et al. Coprescribed benzodiazepines in older adults receiving antidepressants for anxiety and depressive disorders: association with treatment outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(6):20m13283. PubMed CrossRef
  36. Weisberg RB, Dyck I, Culpepper L, et al. Psychiatric treatment in primary care patients with anxiety disorders: a comparison of care received from primary care providers and psychiatrists. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(2):276–282. PubMed CrossRef
  37. Dark T, Flynn HA, Rust G, et al. Epidemiology of emergency department visits for anxiety in the United States: 2009–2011. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68(3):238–244. PubMed CrossRef
  38. Fischer MA, Stedman MR, Lii J, et al. Primary medication non-adherence: analysis of 195,930 electronic prescriptions. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(4):284–290. PubMed CrossRef